If a Tenant Walks Away From the Rental Do I Have to Wait to Rent It Out Again in Ohio

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and surround. Problems of big cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if just' and 'it's (high) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
7. 'Would' and 'could' afterward 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'Information technology'due south (loftier) fourth dimension' and 'It'southward (nearly) fourth dimension'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences most other people'due south deportment.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Blazon I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/tin/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Nowadays S., Nowadays Cont. or Nowadays Pert.)
	If you finish piece of work early, we'll go for a walk.
	If the weather is nice, nosotros'll get swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you lot have finished your coffee, we tin can pay the bill.
	If you're ill, see a medico! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type Two Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + blank infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel round the world. (but I don't take coin - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were yous, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Blazon 3 Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
	If nosotros hadn't left and then early, we would take missed the plane.
	If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
	If y'all had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you lot , just now it's too late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been and then nasty yesterday, nosotros would not have stayed at habitation all mean solar day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions tin can exist uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.

2.one If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second function of the sentence is often left out.

If just  I had enough time!

If only  I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.ii Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if non.  Not all negative IF-sentences can exist transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  by Jane, he couldn 't accept known .

Unless he was told  by Jane, he couldn 't take known , (tin exist changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come dorsum , he 'Ii phone  you lot. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by every bit/and then long as, provided  or but if .

2.3 Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

But subsequently posting the letter did  I call up that I had forgotten to put on a postage. (inversion)

I'll do  what you say provided the police are non  informed.

2.4 Even if describes how something volition happen whatever the status.

Even if information technology rains , we'll still go  for a picnic.

2.five Merely for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

ii.half dozen Supposing it rains, will yous still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if  it rains,  will you lot go for a walk?

2.viii Nosotros  tin omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the subject area.

Should, come up , tell him to wait for me.

Were yous, I would speak to her. known , he would take told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

iv.1 Going to Going to  tin can replace will.

If you fall, you  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you  're going to  make trouble, nosotros 'Two call the police force.

iv.two Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if.

If y'all' ve finished , so we'll go. It is also possible in both parts of the judgement.

If I've  told you  once, I've told  you lot a hundred times!

four.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional non  can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the doubt and does not add a negative significant.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I think information technology will rain.)

4.4 Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should  see Ann, could  you inquire her to telephone call me?

This implies that I exercise not expect y'all to meet Ann.

iv.5 Were to This also makes an consequence seem more than hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you to marry me, what would y'all say?

4.half-dozen Happen to

This emphasizes take a chance possibilities. Information technology is often used with should.

If y'all  happen to  run across Helen, could you enquire her to call me?

If you  should happen to be passing,  drop in for a loving cup of tea.

4.7 If information technology were not for/If information technology hadn 't been for

This describes how one consequence depends on some other.

If it  weren  't for Jim, this visitor would be in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would accept lost.

4.8 Will and would :  politeness and emphasis These tin can be used every bit polite forms.

If y'all  will/would wait  here, I'll see if Mrs Green is complimentary.

Will  can likewise be used for emphasis, pregnant 'insist on doing'.

If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

iv.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such every bit if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  utilize within.  If necessary,  take a taxi.

4.10  Formally if can hateful although ,  commonly as if + describing word.

The room was well-furnished, if a niggling  badly decorated.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John's female parent insisted that he  return  home early.

v.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — exist ; by  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used afterward
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to do something
Advise, order, demand, ask, require, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	Information technology is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she get  there. He suggested that they should go there.	Information technology is suggested that she go  there

five.4 Note the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should go out  without her.

   It is recommended that y'all should publish  your volume.

American variant:   I insist that y'all get out  without her.

   Information technology is recommended that you publish  your book

5.five The Past Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves every bit if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were true

6. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (high) time'

(I) wish, if only. it's (high) time and information technology's (about) time,  we 'get one tense back':

1 The past tense refers to the present: I wish I had  a meliorate watch!  (NOW)

two The by perfect tense refers to the past: If merely yous had asked  me offset!  (And so)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if simply

7.one Nosotros often use I wish  for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew  the reply!  (= it'southward possible I might find out the reply)

If but  is stronger. We use it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If just your mother were  alive now!  (Of grade, / wish  is as well possible.)

vii.ii We may use the simple past of be  later wish  and if but

I wish I was  on holiday now.  If just Tessa was  here at present!

If we want to be more than formal, we employ were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday now.  If only Tessa were  hither!

vii.3 We may use the by perfect of be  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on holiday terminal week.  If only Tessa had been  here yesterday!

seven.four We use the by or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the respond to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

8. 'Would' and 'could' later 'I wish' and 'if only'

We must use could,  not would,  subsequently /and we.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

We weren't together!              → I wish we could have been together

We sometimes use / wish you lot (he. she.  etc.) would(n't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  → I wish you wouldn't make then much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  → I wish he would be  placidity!

ix. 'It'due south (high) time' and 'Information technology's (almost) time'

We employ Information technology's fourth dimension, It's high time  and information technology'southward about fourth dimension  to limited present or hereafter wishes, or to limited our impatience about things that oasis't happened yet:

Kim tin can't even boil an egg. - I know.

Information technology's time/high fourth dimension/about fourth dimension she learnt to cook!

10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

We use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future:

I'd rather/I'd sooner exist a builder than an builder.

Or nosotros can refer to the past:

If I could choose over again, I'd rather/sooner take been  a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences virtually other people'south deportment

11.i Nosotros can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather exit  on an earlier train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I desire him to leave)

eleven.2 We use the past tense form after I'd rather to  refer to the nowadays or future.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= now)

I'd rather she didn't sit down  next to me. (= now)

eleven.3 We apply the past perfect form after I'd rather to  refer to past time.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  then - I'g referring to myself)

I'd rather you had been  present,  (and then)

I'd rather you hadn't told me  nearly it.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We generally omit the main part of the verb in curt responses:

12.ane negative responses:

Frank is going to purchase  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone about it.   - I'd rather  yous hadn't.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won't requite up  his present job. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone about it. - I'd rather  you lot had.

12.three We do non accept to repeat the master verb in a complete sentence:

Y'all always go  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and surround. Problems of big cities.

Study the important vocabulary:

1. The conditions:

Cold conditions: the chilly days of autumn, cold days of wintertime, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: shut, stifling, humid, scorching, humid, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: clammy, drizzle, shower, pour downwards / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Air current: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery twenty-four hours, gale alarm, hurricane

two. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and copse: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bawl; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pino, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, woods, forest;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, route

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, rima oris, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  pes, ridge, tiptop, summit, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and body of water pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the devastation of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should:  avert spray cans, practice organic farming, employ unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Bug: overpopulation, unemployment , dearth, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in one-half an hour but I felt every bit if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. have worked

2. It'due south  time we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

1. visited, haven't visited, such
2. take visited, didn't run into, and then
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, oasis't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed coin, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would accept borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would requite, a footling
4. would have lent, a few

four. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked every bit if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

five. He had written his address downwards the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to come across her again.

1. had ever come, will feel
2. comes, volition be
3. would come, may exist
4. ever came, would exist

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could go ____ teaching in the section if she ____ information technology upon graduation.

1. a job, wanted
2. work, volition have wanted
3. job, wished
4. a position, wants

7. He stood potent and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

8. If but we ____ a telephone! I'grand tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. have had
4. can accept

ix. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

1. breaks out
2. cleaved out
3. broke out
4. will break out

10. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story volition come out, and I don't want information technology ____ ."

1. will exist arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come out
3. will arrest, coming out
4. is beingness arrested, to come out

xi. "In that location are ____ institutions, of course, only information technology's non very easy to get into them unless you ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, oasis't got
2. charity'southward, accept got
3. charity, don't have
4. clemency, accept

12. "If nothing ____ , said she, effulgent at them, we shall exist back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. volition happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. volition have happened, the

thirteen. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

14. They all acted every bit if they ____ at a family unit reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't run across
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, oasis't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, can see
2. turned, would be able to meet
3. will plough, will see
4. have turned, would encounter

sixteen. "I have some work that ____ be finished earlier I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, go away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ accept taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, tin
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her equally though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. take been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.

1. would suggest, thought
2. will propose, could have thought
3. might advise, could recall
4. would offer, thought

20. Information technology was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't accept recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't have recognized
4. while, couldn't have recognized

21. It's high time you ____ in ____ bed also, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might have happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might take saved u.s.a. a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. volition be sent for

24. I could non imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was not
3. people, were non
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1. has non brought
2. had non brought
3. does not bring
4. was non brought

27. "Only we ____ in conference for 2 hours," he said. "It's high time ____ a tea intermission."

1. are, having had
2. were, we accept
3. accept been being, to have
4. have been, we had

28. If John ____ to run across a dentist, allow him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to endure
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. volition refuse, suffering

29. "You had better ____ dwelling. You're likely to get into trouble if you ____ here."

1. go, stay
2. to go, have stayed
3. hurry, will stay
4. to bustle, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats information technology ____ pleasant enough to drive in that jump rain.

1. had had, would accept been
2. have had, would be
3. shall have, is
4. are having, volition be

31. He wondered a picayune ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ well-nigh his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt every bit though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. Information technology was every bit though information technology ____ her.

1. hearing, did not business
2. to hear, did non business
3. listening, was not concerning
4. to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ but yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

ane) volition be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

3) has been, would ... hash out

4) was, will... discuss

36. If you lot    away with him, go at in one case, but don't ask me   him.

i) will go, to meet

2) will be going, to have met

three) are going, to run across

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I'm not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

1) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

four) tin can, would

38. If I   you lot and then, what   y'all take done?

1) didn't help, would

two) hadn't helped, would

iii) didn't, will

4) haven't helped, volition

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

ane) were, a

two) am, a

3) had been, the

four) was, the

xl. I'm tired. It's high time you   and me in peace.

ane) go, exit

2) have gone, accept left

three) would have gone, leave

four) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie last dark.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I consume, hadn't eaten

iii) take I eaten, hadn't eaten

4) did I eat, didn't swallow

42. If she   he was going to be aroused about it, she   that.

1) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't do

iii) had known, wouldn't have done

4) would know, have done

43. You wouldn't be so tired today if you   to bed when I told you to. Something should exist done to help y'all.

44. If y'all     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be ameliorate

3) take, will be adept

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

i) didn't accept, can accept read

ii) didn't have, could read

iii) hadn't had, can read

4) didn't take, could have read

46. Why didn't I enquire her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) ask, volition change

2) asked, would modify

iii) had asked, would accept changed

iv) would inquire, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

i) would go, earnt, were

2) would take gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might accept learnt, been

4) went, may learn, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

one) was, volition

ii) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. Information technology'south high time you ____  rything.

i) would consent, are knowing

2) volition consent, have known

three) would accept consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more, I've but told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks every bit if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

1) were, would take checked

2) were, would check

3) am, will bank check

four) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

i) will have, will take

2) had, would have

3) will have had, tin take

iv) had had, could accept

57. If the serpent seize with teeth   poisonous, you   very bad now.

i) was, will experience

ii) had been, are feeling

3) were, would take felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) tin can accept, might improve

2) could have, might meliorate

three) could take had, may improve

4) could have, might to amend

i) will turn away, being

two) will be turning from, have been

3) plough downwards, be

iv) have turned against, to be

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

three) Had he been, would accompany, might non take taken place

iv) If he had been, would accompany, might not have identify

61. If they   hither, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

3) would exist, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explicate

62. If that y'all   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would take been

ii) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would have come, would have been

iv) I should tell him, would come up, had been

63. If you united states and so, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you sick now.

1) consult, will be

ii) didn't consult, can be

iii) had consulted, wouldn't be

4) have consulted, won't be

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

three) ascension, would be met

4) accept raised, won't be met

66. If it dark, we our mode.

1) is, would accept lost

2) hadn' t been, might not have lost

3) wasn't, tin can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

iii) wouldn't make

four) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.

1) didn't always seen

2) has never seen

three) can't see

four) had never seen

69. The exams . It'south time we down to work.

ane) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

4) accept come up, are

70. I wish more people in the office your humor, Jack.

one) have

2) can have

three) volition have

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right discussion.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cavern/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river flare-up its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the centre of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4. Afterwards the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A small river/stream/torrent  runs beyond the lesser of our garden.
6. Yous must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7. From the pinnacle/elevation/summit  of the colina you tin can see the sea.
8. Information technology was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides  were so high.
9. I think information technology's going to pelting. It's very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church caught burn when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the correct variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife    2) wilds    iii) wilderness

2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

ane) shook    ii) wagged    three) moved

three. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    2) bawl    3) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

one) mountain    ii) cliff   three) slope

v. There was field afterwards field of golden..........waving in the air current.

1) corn    ii) bushes    3) herbs

6. You have to sleep under a cyberspace to avoid being bitten past...........

1) lobsters   two) cockroaches    iii) mosquitoes

vii. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

1) channels    2) canals    3) river.

viii. Some wildlife will become.........if they become used to people.

ane) tame    2) organised    3) petty

3. Put the right word in each infinite:

1. We collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. There'due south a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. In that location's a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What'due south the weather condition....................for tomorrow?
6. Y'all can run into the mount....................amongst the clouds in the distance.

four. Choose the right reply:

1. There has been another increase/rising  in the amount of criminal offence.
2. The train was in accident/standoff  with a bus on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today considering of the loftier/storm  winds.
5. The government has announced plans to aid the poor/poverty.
6. Everyone agrees that the environment/nature  must be protected.
7. There are few jobs hither and many people are abroad from piece of work/unemployed.
8. The commuter of the bus admitted that he had done/fabricated  an error.
9. At that place was a large sit-in/manifestation  against nuclear ability.

5. Put the right word in each infinite:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
3. The cost of.......................has risen steadily this year.
4. Thousands of buildings fell down during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Large cities face the problem of what to practise with household........................
8. Doctors appear that there was at present a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First Earth State of war (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with ii chiliad people on board. Suddenly, at about half by ii in the afternoon, there were 2 fearful explosions. The transport shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The body of water rushed into her engine-rooms, and about immediately the send began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and virtually grand people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his send, and he had no musical instrument to testify him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks confronting ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced past radar. This radio instrument finds the position and altitude of objects which the human eye may non be able to run into; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such equally ships and aeroplanes. Radar tin pick out objects more than than a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when we tin can see perhaps no further than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of perhaps one thousand every 2nd. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and lxxx-six grand miles a 2nd till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an airplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and and then they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the opposite direction, and striking the aeriform of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modernistic ships of all nations conduct radar to help them canvas in bad weather, when it is possible to come across for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the helm usually had to ballast his ship at such times and look for conditions to ameliorate. Only today a ship with radar can sail in well-nigh whatever weather condition conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar as well helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals chosen beams are transmitted into the heaven from land radio stations at a number of points along their grade. The pilots tin can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards one axle, and so flies on to the next axle. At the end of his journey, he volition land his aeroplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport sentry the airplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and past how much to reduce top, and give any other orders that may exist necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

i. The Lusitania was wrecked because

ane) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

two) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

iii) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out military machine operations during the First World War

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is i of the vitally of import discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To exist able to use radar one should know in item how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather conditions.

two) hitting diverse objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

iii) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

iv) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated past radar.

ii) Before the invention of radar sailing must take taken a longer time than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar non before the invention of the

radio.

iv) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

5. Information technology follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used merely in bad weather conditions, when nosotros can see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

3) the radar upshot would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

four) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the assist of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

ane. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the next meeting.

i) exist decided

two) should make up one's mind

3) to exist decided

iv) will be decided

two. If you  _____  this book you lot  _____  to replace information technology.

1) volition lose, will accept

2) lose, will accept

3) had lost, must

iv) volition lose, will need

3. We insist that a meeting _____ as presently equally possible.

one) to be held

2) should exist held

3) volition be held

4) to hold

4. If Alison ____ another half hour'south work, she ____ it past the time the children get home.

1) has done; finished

2) would do; would accept finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than ten books we  _____  the cost of each book by ten%.

1) purchase, will reduce

2) will buy, reduce

3) will purchase, will reduce

4) have bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

ane) volition check

ii) are checking

three) might check

4) should check

seven. If I ____ a pay rising, I'1000 going to buy a new car.

i) will get

2) got

3) become

4) would get

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open up the door without asking who it was.

1) demand to be

2) was to be

iii) will exist

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would recollect so.

1) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would have never seen

four) had never seen

10. Henry took her mitt and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather yous ____ anyone well-nigh  our conversation."

1) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

four) don't tell

xi. I wish you lot ____ me earlier that you tin't come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  later the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did non swallow

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

four) hungry, had non eaten

thirteen. "It'due south high fourth dimension you ____ to look subsequently yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

3) had learned

4) have learned

14. Information technology'due south time that team ____ a match. They haven't won a match for ages.

1) has won

two) wins

three) won

4) will win

fifteen. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Avant-garde Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammer, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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